Situation before 1911
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• Situation before 1900
• Subversion by foreign powers
• Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95.
• destruction of China's navy and army by Japan in the war
• Annexations
• Russia, Germany, France and Britain all gain concessions
• Nominally, authority lies with Manchu emperor Guangxu in Beijing. In reality, authority lies with Empress Dowager Cixi.
• Cixi remained in power through:
• Harsh repression
• Collusion with "foreign devils"
• Economic and Political Reforms
• 1898 Manchu Government launches 100 days reforms
• Reforms
• Civil service
• Education
• Industry
• Reasons
• Reform so as to counteract western influence
• Buy off critics
• Reaction
• A faction under Cixi takes control, appalled at reforms.
• Guangxu forced to renege on reforms
• Reformers executed, dismissed, or sacked.

Other Notes in this Category

1. 1898 Boxer Risings
2. 1911 Revolution
3. Causes of the Growth of Nationalism
4. Northern Expedition & White Terror 1923-7
5. Position before 1911
6. Situation Before 1900
7. Situation before 1911
8. Warlord Era 196-27, Growth of CCP
9. Yuan Shikai and Sun Yatsen

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