Regnum and Regna
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• Aquitaine different, does not receive new money -Charles much control in Aquitaine – waning political control, run from Francia, some input in appointments.
• Breton culture more visible 9 th century but strong ties to Charles empire after 840, tried to beat them but failed as had ancestors so spiritual ties kingship – imperial rule more respected – Salomon combined with Neustrains to deny effective control of Loire = Salomon stayed loyal eventually coordinating defence of Loire – levels below this Breton ruled itself.
• Gothia – old Visgothis, Septimania – loyal to Carolinigans mainly to prevent Muslim raids, were rebellions however. Not too much contact – although Hnfrid and Bernard visited the Franks from time to time.
• Charles closer and consistent touch with Burgindy – Carolingian links to Auxerre – Episcopal and abbatial appointments in his own hands, countships important here as well.
• Most intensive rule in Francia – half beneficiaries of charters here – fullest of royal resources – Rheims and Sens crucial pillars of regime, itinerary based around there – skills, benficies, troops etc. Cultic centres, especially St. Denis – new palatine church of St Mary Aachen substitute in 877.
• Needed aristos to rule regna with disruptive sons – 843 after Verdun dissidence and factionalism rebuilding consensus – Coulaines Nov credited aristos with initiative if forming a pact –working partnership, church prime rallying point, all swore to respect its honor, fidelers swore honor to the king, Charles swore to protect honor of each frields – honor law and justice – guarantee individuals’ rights not a new concept but precision context collective interests: a societas – constant effort to maintain it – homeostatic mechanisms for maintenance, assemblies, oath-takings, processions, receptions at court – ritual key element.
• West Frankish kingdom, thanks to Hincmar, developing royal consecration rights – Charles, daughter, wife and son – Hincmar may be misleading, few saw the manuscripts depictions of majesty – assemblies etc saw monarchy’s familiar, pragmatic face
• Ot weak – capable of violence – for every man deprived of an honor man ready to replace him, victimisation, murder etc. Imperial aristocracy played important role holding Charlemagne’s empire together – differently mid 9^th century – all over Carolingian world did not pull together, splitting Carolingian family (split empire) replicated – divisions hardened siblings were shed, move and look to Kings for advancement – mobility, spatial and political striking feature Charles reign – generally from East to West towards Charles’ kingdom – careers suggest power structure in Charles’ kingdom was at once more open and more tightly controlled than in the West – Charles more wherewithal to dispose of than other Carolingian kings – indigenous aristocracy already ensconced from which incoming magnate could recruit clients and subordinates.
• Robert the Strong – moves from East – granted succession honres Charles, felt threatened in the 850s – rebelled and one of those responsible for inviting Louis the German into kingdom 858 – bought back in 861 restoration Loire valley – Charles denied succession honroes to young sons – prevents Nesutrain dynasty
• Churches special asset – wealthy social power but built into structure of the realm – versatile, strenuous and loyal personnel – Archbishops as missi in provinces – Hincmar of rheims, repressed crime, organised military support – abbots surprisingly mobile like Hugh, Charles’ cousin – Charles deputy in Loire despite abbot of St. Martin
• Lay abbots – lordship temporal goods and monasteries, responsible for granting benefices to the warriors serve militarily for king. Luxuriant new growths on 9^th century – ready method granting favour without cost to royal and, after 867 Chalre slay abbot of St. Deis

Other Notes in this Category

1. After Charles the Bald
2. Aquitaine
3. Caroligians - Vikings and Frankish Empire
4. Charlemagne and the Imperial Coronation of 800
5. Crisis 829 – 30
6. Ecclesia Francorum
7. Evaluation of Charles the Bald in relation to his predecessors
8. Frankish Gaul to 814 - Paul Fourace
9. Frankish Kingdoms 814 – 898 – The West
10. Germany In The Early Middle Ages – Reuter
11. Judith Herrin – Carolingian Innovation From The Formation Of Christendom
12. Lateran Synod 769
13. Populus Francorum
14. Regnum and Regna
15. Scandinavians and Others
16. The Emergence Of The East Franksih Kingdom 800 – 43
17. The end of Carolingian Expansion - Timothy Reuter
18. Varities of Viking Impact - Seine

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